Modeling life expectancy and cost effectiveness for UHPC bridge retrofitting techniques

Advances in Bridge Engineering

Table 1 Conventional strength concrete properties for life expectancy model

Variable	Unit	Mean value	Standard Deviation	Distribution Type	Reference
Surface Chloride Concentration	kg/m3	5.47	1.83	Lognormal	(Morcous and Lounis 2007; Farzad 2018)
Diffusion Coefficient	mm2/year	31.536	9.2	normal	Farzad 2018
Water Cement Ratio	n/a	0.5	n/a	Fixed value	Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 2019
Concrete Cover	mm	51 mm (2 inch)	2	Normal
Threshold Value	kg/m3	1.35	0.135	lognormal	(Lounis 2003)
Propagation Time	Years	6	4	Normal	Used in Life 365 software