Displacement-based seismic performance of RC bridge pier

Advances in Bridge Engineering

Table 2 Reference limit states

Author	LS-1	LS-2	LS-3	LS-4
Cassese et al. 2019	cracking	yielding	peak load	failure
Ding et al. 2021	cracking	spalling	buckling
Afsar Dizaj and Kashani 2020; Su et al. 2020	yielding	spalling	crushing
Jiao et al. 2019	crack	spalling	bearing capacity	rebar
Kashani et al. 2019	slight	extensive	complete	aftershock
Pang and Li 2018; Bouazza et al. 2022;	yielding	crushing	buckling	fracture
Park et al. 2020	operational /cracking	immediate occupancy /crushing	life safety /yielding	Collapse Prevention / fracture
Ren et al. 2022	Crack	Yield	Peak	Ultimate
Srivastava et al. 2022	Delamina-tion	Loss of confinement
Su et al. 2017a, b	cracking	spalling		fracture
Su et al. 2017a, b	Minor	Moderate	Major	failure/ collapse
Todorov and Billah 2021	Repairable	Extensive	Replacement
Todorov and Muntasir Billah 2022a, b	Cracking	Spalling	Crushing	Buckling
Tran et al. 2020; Aamir Baig et al. 2022	Slight	Moderate	Extensive	Collapse
Zhong et al. 2022	yield of rebar	Elastic-perfectly-plastic	maximum stress of confined concrete	Confined concrete of maximum strain
Zhou and Kunnath 2022	Spalling	Exposed concrete core	Bar buckling (or core shedding)	Multi bar rupture, core crushing