Effect of bonding or unbonding on seismic behavior of bridge elastomeric bearings: lessons learned from past earthquakes in China and Japan and inspirations for future design

Advances in Bridge Engineering

Table 2 Calculated shear moduli from different methods (Xiang and Li 2017)

Test series (Normal pressure)	G₁ (kPa)	G₂ (kPa)	G₃ (kPa)	New Method
Test series (Normal pressure)	G₁ (kPa)	G₂ (kPa)	G₃ (kPa)	G_e (kPa)	Strain at obvious sliding (%)
1–1 (4.0 MPa)	1255	1077	760	841	194
1–1 (6.0 MPa)	1278	1073	759	865	217
1–1 (8.0 MPa)	1286	1108	747	904	220
1–1 (10.0 MPa)	1357	1030	759	908	233
2–1 (4.0 MPa)	1318	1081	771	843	227
2–1 (6.0 MPa)	1286	1047	760	945	248
2–1 (8.0 MPa)	1259	1084	773	1025	258
2–1 (10.0 MPa)	1281	1099	810	1096	268

G₁ is shear modulus determined from ASTM D4014 (2007); G₂ is shear modulus determined from AASHTO M251 (2008); G₃ is shear modulus determined from MTC (2019); G_e is shear modulus determined from Xiang and Li (2017)