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Table 2 The specific values of ηD, ηR, and ηI

From: Implication of bridge resilience design and lessons from negative examples

Performance

Factor

Value

For the strength limit state

For all other limit states

Ductility

ηD

≥ 1.05 for nonductile components and connections

= 1.00 for conventional designs and details complying with these Specifications

≥ 0.95 for components and connections for which additional ductility-enhancing measures have been specified beyond those required by these Specifications

= 1.00

Redundancy

ηR

≥ 1.05 for nonredundant members

= 1.00 for conventional levels of redundancy

≥ 0.95 for exceptional levels of redundancy beyond girder continuity and a torsionally-closed cross-section

= 1.00

Operational Importance

ηI

≥ 1.05 for critical or essential bridges

= 1.00 for typical bridges

≥ 0.95 for relatively less important bridges

= 1.00