Table 2 Comparisons of force coefficients between previous studies and present numerical simulations

 Lyn et al. (1995); Lyn and Rodi (1994)

2.14 × 10⁴

–

2.1

0.132

 Lee (1975)

1.76 × 10⁵

–

2.05

0.122

 Hangan (1996)

2.20 × 10⁴

0.95

2.09

0.123

Present experimental results

2.69 × 10⁴

1.52

2.30

0.115

 GS1 (2.5 × 10⁵)

1.90 × 10⁴

1.62

2.52

0.121

 GS2 (5.0 × 10⁵)

1.90 × 10⁴

1.37

2.37

0.122

 GS3 (1.0 × 10⁶)

1.90 × 10⁴

1.37

2.36

0.120